Buddhism
- Buddhism founded in 6th century B.C. India by Siddhartha Gautama
- Teaches pursuit of truth through the Eightfold Path to achieve Nirvana
- Belief in reincarnation until understanding the nature of existence
- Spread from India to China, leading to Theravada and Mahayana branches
- Theravada emphasizes individual striving for enlightenment
- Mahayana sees Buddha as one manifestation, with Bodhisattvas aiding others
- Zen Buddhism, originating in India, gained popularity in Japan and the United States
Origins, Teachings, and Evolution
Buddhism's Origins and Core Teachings
One of the world’s significant religions, Buddhism, centers around the teachings of BUDDHA, known as Siddhartha Gautama before ENLIGHTENMENT. The religion, originating in India in the sixth century B.C., has developed into various sects over time. Despite the diversity in beliefs, Buddhists, in general, unanimously advocate relinquishing earthly desires and following the EIGHTFOLD PATH to attain truth, leading to lasting happiness or NIRVANA. The cycle of reincarnation is a fundamental aspect, with the belief that souls undergo repeated births until they comprehend the nature of existence.
Linguistic Influence and Spread
The roots of Buddhism trace back to India, where the historical Buddha and his early followers communicated in Sanskrit. This language continues to underpin numerous Buddhist terms and names. As Buddhism expanded and encountered diverse cultures, it absorbed new interpretations while being shaped by the surrounding ideas. In the first century A.D., Buddhism reached China, eventually branching into THERAVADA and MAHAYANA schools, each housing various smaller sects.
Theravada vs. Mahayana
THERAVADA, known as the "Way of the Elders," adheres closely to the literal teachings of Buddha. Within this branch, sects generally believe that individual souls must independently strive to earn enlightenment. On the contrary, MAHAYANA perceives the earthly Buddha as just one manifestation of a universal soul or Buddha. In Mahayana, enlightenment can be attained with the assistance of others, specifically BODHISATTVAS or Buddhas-to-be. This "Greater Vehicle" adapts more freely to incorporate diverse religious traditions, absorbing local gods and myths into its universe.
Zen Buddhism's Evolution and Popularity
A notable school of Buddhism, ZEN BUDDHISM, originated in India, flourished in China as Chan Buddhism, and gained popularity in Japan around the 13th century. This school emphasizes direct experience and meditation. Today, Zen Buddhism remains widespread in Japan and the United States, reflecting the ongoing global influence and appeal of Buddhist principles.